Saturday, August 23, 2025

The Saints of the Pentarchy: The Holy Popes of Rome according to the First Millennium

 The Holy Popes of Rome according to the First Millennium

This is the final post in this series cataloging the Patriarchs of the Pentarchy that were venerated in the First Millennium by the Chalcedonian Church. This final post examines the Popes of Rome that were venerated in the First Millennium. 

Calendars

The calendars that I have used for this compilation come from the Patriarchates of Rome & Constantinople.

Rome

The Martyrology of Usuard = Jacques Dubois, ed., Le Martyrologe d'Usuard: Texte et Commentaire (Brussels: Bollandist Society, 1965). Usuard was a monk who produced a Martyrology during the 9th century. Dubois used the 9th century MS. "Bibliotheque Nationale de Paris, Manuscript Latin 13745" which is available online in a scanned copy here.

The Martyrology of Notker = Jacques Paul Migne, ed., Patrologia Latina, Volume 131 (1853). Just like Usuard, Notker "The Stammerer" was a monk who produced a Martyrology around the year 900. A single MS. copy of the Martyrology survives (St. Gallen, Stiftsbibliothek, Cod. Sang. 456), written around 900─950, and which Migne included in his monumental Patrologia Latina. The MS. can be found online in a scanned copy here.

The Martyrology of Ado = A MS. (St. Gallen, Stifrsbibliothek, Cod. Sang. 454) from 880─890 that is available in an online scanned copy here.

The Martyrology of Jerome = Marijana Vukovic, The Cult of Saints. This Martryology traditionally ascribed to Jerome are some of the oldest martyrologies that we have. The MSS. that I have used in this list are the following:

MS. BNF (Bibliotheque Nationale de France, Latine 10837) which is a MS. written by a scribe named Laurentius in the years 703─710 and is available in a scanned copy here.

MS. Bern (Burgerbibliothek, Bongars 289) which is a MS. written ca. 800 ─ ca. 866.

MS. Weissenburg (Herzog August Bibliothek, Weissenburg 81) which is a MS. written in the second half of the 8th century and available online in a scanned copy here.

Constantinople

The Typicon of the Great Church = Juan Mateos, ed. and tr., Le Typicon de la Grande Église, Volume 1 (Rome: 1962). The Typicon shows the church calendar used in the Hagia Sophia at the middle of the tenth century. It relies on two manuscripts:

Codex H (Holy Cross Monastery Codex 40) is dated by Mateos to the years 950-970, with 950-959 being the more probable. Venance Grumel however dates the ms. to the end of the tenth century, and believes it to be an edited copy of an earlier work. [Venance Grumel, 'Le Typicon de la Grande Église d'apres le Manuscrit de Sainte-Croix: Datation et Origine', Analecta Bollandia, 85 (1967), 45-57] Regardless the ms. certainly seems to be from the tenth century. This manuscript covers the entire year, with only a few days at the end of August absent.

Codex P (Patmos Codex 266) is dated from the second half of the ninth century to the first half of the tenth. This manuscript covers the entire year. 

A Note on the Dating

The dates of the Patriarchs are taken from Venance Grumel, La Chronologie (Paris: 1958), pp. 430─433. Many of the early bishops are of indeterminable dates.

List of the Popes of Rome

Linus (?─?)

Usuard, p. 349 [MS. fol. 81v] (Nov. 26)

Anacletus (?─?)

Usuard, p. 219 [MS. fol. 30v] (Apr. 26)

Clement (?─?)

Usuard, p. 346 [MS. fol. 81r] (Nov. 23)
Pope Clement (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Clemens_Romanus.jpg)

Evaristus (?─?)

Cult of the Saints [MSS. BNF & Weissenburg] (Dec. 23)

Alexander I (?─?)

Usuard, p. 306 [MS. fol. 67r] (Sep. 21)

Sixtus [Xystus] I (?─?)

Usuard, p. 207 [MS. fol. 26r] (Apr. 6); Patrologia Latina, Vol. 131, col. 1062D [MS. p. 88] (Jul. 8)

Telsephorus (?─?)

Usuard, p. 155 [MS. fol. 7v] (Jan. 5)

Hyginus (?─?)

Patrologia Latina, Vol. 131, col. 1034D [MS. p. 14] (Jan. 11)

Pius I (?─?)

Patrologia Latina, Vol. 131, col. 1119A [MS. pp. 263─264] (Jul. 12)

Anicietus (?─?)

Patrologia Latina, Vol. 131, col. 1066A [MS. p. 98] (Apr. 16)

Soter (?─?)

Patrologia Latina, Vol. 131, col. 1067D [MS. pp. 102─103] (Apr. 21)

Eleutherius (?─?)

Cult of the Saints [MSS. BNF & Weissenburg] (Dec. 23)

Victor I (?─?)

Usuard, p. 215 [MS. fol. 29r] (Apr. 20)

Zephyrinus (?─?)

Usuard, p. 290 [MS. fol. 60v] (Aug. 26)

Callistus [Callixtus] I (?─?)

Usuard, p. 321 [Ms. fol. 72v] (Oct. 14)

Urban I (?─?)

Usuard, p. 234 [MS. fol. 38r] (May 25)

Pontian (?─?)

Usuard, p. 344 [MS. fol. 80v] (Nov. 20)

Anterus (?─?)

Usuard, p. 154 [MS. fol. 7r] (Jan. 3)

Fabian (?─?)

Usuard, p. 164 [MS. fol. 10r] (Jan. 20)

Cornelius (?─?)

Usuard, p. 302 [MS. fol. 65v] (Sep. 14)

Lucius I (?─?)

Usuard, p. 189 [MS. fol. 20v] (Mar. 4)

Stephen I (?─?)

Usuard, p. 277 [MS. fol. 54v] (Aug. 2)

Sixtus [Xystus] II (?─?)

Usuard, p. 279 [MS. fol. 55v] (Aug. 6)

Dionysius (?─?)

Usuard, p. 148 [MS. fol. 5r] (Dec. 26)

Felix I (?─?)

Usuard, p. 237 [MS. fol. 39v] (May. 30)

Eutychian (?─?)

Usuard, p. 355 [MS. fol. 84v] (Dec. 8)

Caius [Gaius] (283─296)

Patrologia Latina, Vol. 131, cols. 1068B [MS. p. 104] (Apr. 22) & 1114B [MS. p. 249] (Jul. 1)

Marcellinus (296─304)

Usuard, p. 219 [MS. fols. 30v─31r] (Apr. 26)

Marcellus I (308─309)

Usuard, pp. 161─162 [MS. fol. 9v] (Jan. 16)

Eusebius (309─310)

Patrologia Latina, Vol. 131, col. 1156B [MS. p. 373─374] (Oct. 2)

Miltiades (311─314)

Cult of the Saints, [MSS. BNF & Weissenburg] (Jan. 10) & [MSS. BNF, Bern, & Weissenburg] (Jul 2)

Sylvester I (314─335)

Usuard, p. 151 [MS. fol. 6r] (Dec. 31)

Mark (336)

Usuard, p. 316 [MS. fol. 70v] (Oct. 7)
Pope Mark (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pope_Mark.jpg)

Julius I (337─352)

Usuard, p. 211 [MS. fol. 26r] (Apr. 12)

Liberius (352─366)

Le Typicon, p. 385 [Codices H & P] (Aug. 27)

Felix II [Anti-Pope] (355─365)

Usuard, p. 275 [MS. fol. 53v] (Jul. 29)

Damasus (366─384)

Usuard, p. 357 [MS. fol. 85r] (Dec. 11)
Pope Damasus (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pope_Damasus.jpg)

Siricius (384─399)

Martyrology of Jerome, MS BNF [Nov. 26 (VI Kal Dec)]

Anstasius I (399─401)

Usuard, p. 219 [MS. fol. 31r] (Apr. 27)

Innocent I (401─417)

Usuard, p. 192 [MS. fol. 21v] (Mar. 12)

Zosimus (417─418)

Ado MS. p. 55 (Dec. 26)

Boniface I (418─422)

Cult of the Saints, [MSS. BNF, Bern, & Weissenburg] (Sep. 4)

Celestine (422─432)

Le Typicon, p. 265 [Codices H & P] (Apr. 8)

Sixtus III (432─440)

Patrologia Latina, Vol. 131, col. 1059C [MS. p. 79] (Mar. 28)

Leo (440─461)

Usuard, p. 210 [MS. fol. 27r] (Apr. 11)

Hilary (461─468)

Usuard, p. 301 [MS. fol. 64v] (Sep. 10)

Simplicius (468─483)

Patrologia Latina, Vol. 131, col. 1051C [MS. p. 58] (Mar. 1)

Gelasius (492─496)

Ado MS. p. 312 (Nov. 19)

Hormisdas (514─523)

Patrologia Latina, Vol. 131, col. 1132D [MS. p. 308] (Aug. 5)

John I (523─526)

Patrologia Latina, Vol. 131, col. 1090C [MS. pp. 166─167] (May 28)

Agapitus I (535─536)

Patrologia Latina, Vol. 131, col. 1068C [MS. pp. 103─104] (Apr. 22)

Silverius (536─537)

Patrologia Latina, Vol. 131, col. 1106D [MS. p. 222] (Jun. 20)

Gregory I (590─604)

Usuard, p. 192 [MS. fol. 21v] (Mar. 12)

Theodore (642─649)

Le Typicon, p. 295 [May 18] (Codices H & P)

Martin (649─655)

Usuard, p. 339 [MS. fol. 78v] (Nov. 10)

Agatho (678-681)

Le Typicon, p. 237 [Codices H & P] (Feb. 20)
Pope Agatho (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pope_Agatho_(Menologion_of_Basil_II).jpg)

Leo II (682─683)

Ado, MS. p. 172 (Jul. 3)

Benedict II (684─685)

Patrologia Latina, Vol. 131, col. 1080A [MS. pp. 136─137] (May 7)

Sergius (687─701)

Patrologia Latina, Vol. 131, col. 1149C [MS. p. 356] (Sep. 9)

Gregory II (715─731)

Patrologia Latina, Vol. 131, col. 1045B [MS. pp. 41─42] (Feb. 12)

Gregory III (731─741)

Ado, MS. p. 324 (Nov. 28)

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